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Hirini Moko Mead in his book Tikanga Māori 59 outlines a distinction between
tikanga and kawa and notes that while tikanga can include mātauranga Māori (the knowledge base and
ideas associated with tikanga), and the protocols associated with the correct practice of a tikanga, that
57 McCully Matiu and Margaret Mutu Te Whānau Moana, Ngā Kaupapa me ngā Tikanga: Customs and Protocols (Reed,
Auckland, 2003), p167
58 McCully Matiu and Margaret Mutu Te Whānau Moana, Ngā
Ko tā mātou kaupapa he whakatairanga kia mau tonu i te Māori ngā whenua Māori, me te tautoko i ngā rangatira o ngā whenua ki te whakamahi, te noho me te whakawhanake i ō rātou whenua mō te painga o ngā rangatira whenua katoa, me ō rātou whānau, hapū hoki.
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1 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Māori Agribusiness in New Zealand: A study of the Māori Freehold Land Resource, March 2011; and Te Puni Kokiri, Ko ngā Tūmanako o ngā Tāngata Whai Whenua Māori – Owner Aspirations Regarding the Utilisation of Māori Land, April 2011.
It is likely the land was part of the Nelson Tenths.10
6 Concise history of Aorere, “Ngā Hekenga O Te Atiawa,” p221 citing The Nelson Examiner,
and New Zealand Chronicle, 17 January 1846, p182.
7 49 Te Waipounamu MB 170-187 (49 TWP 170-187) at 177.
8 Tāmati Pirimona Marino (theprow.org.nz).
